Source: FIXED: Error 3283 Refresh Links (isladogs.co.uk) - and - RefreshLink fails with "Primary Key already exists" (accessforever.org) -  Thanks!

I came across error 3283 - Primary key already exists after the MS Office system had been updated to version 2312 Build 16.0.17126.20190 for Monthly Enterprise  Channel.

The error happens when calling RefreshLink as shown in the code sample below. Disclaimer: This worked for me, but your solution might be different. The solution "for now" is to use On Error Resume Next and deal with the error afterwards as the table does in fact relink just fine. Microsoft say that a fix will not be released until March 12th 2024 in version 2401. So you will need to implement this work around until it's resolved.

For Each tblDef In tblDefs
	If tblDef.Connect <> "" Then
		If InStr(1, tblDef.Connect, "ODBC") > 0 Then
			'SQL Server Database
			If (tblDef.Connect <> strSQLConnectionString) Or blnForceReconnect Then
				tblDef.Connect = strSQLConnectionString
								   
				' Error 3283 when refreshing links using code caused by MS Office Update 2312 Build 16.0.1716.20190
				' A fix will be applied by Microsoft on March 12th 2024 Office Updates for build 2401.
				On Error Resume Next
				tblDef.RefreshLink
			
				' This is required if the SQL View is to be update-able
				If tblDef.Name = "vw_Example" Then
					CurrentDb.Execute "CREATE UNIQUE INDEX __uniqueindex ON " & tblDef.Name & " (ID ASC)"
				End If
														
				Err.Clear
				On Error GoTo ErrorHandler
				
			End If
		End If
		
	End If
Next tblDef

Thanks to Isladogs on Access and Access Forever for this post.